,,"Last 4 digits of last name with 01 for study/crop 1, 02 for study/crop #2 (e.g., krem01)",See Appendix A & B in manuscript,"Geographic location of your study sites (e.g., county, state, country)","What is the biome or ecoregion of your study landscape? Use Types: Tropical Forest, Subtropical Forest, Temperate Forest/Grassland, Mediterranean, Boreal.","Biome: (1) Tropical/substropical, (2) Mediterranean, (3) Temperate",Common name,Latin name of crop and cultivar.,Is crop annual or perennial?,"Pollinator dependence of your crop (Based on Klein 2007 PROCRS vol 274, p 303-313).",Number of sites (replicates) in the study. Should reflect the # and location of GIS site sample points. Samples should be >500 m apart.,Indicate year site was sampled.,"Describe what a replicate means in your study (may repeat information from description of sampling). Describe if you averaged across samples to provide an estimate. E.g. in my study, a replicate consisted of a single farm site, where 4 transects were studied on 3 separate occassions within a year. The average estimate is provided per site (i.e., averaged across the 4 transects & 3 occassions).",Distance (m) between sites per study (calculated by CK),Distance (m) between sites per study (calculated by CK),Note whether farm management type is organic versus conventional for each site.,Note whether farm management is locally complex vs locally simple for each site. Locally simple would be large monocultural fields and locally complex could include polyculture or rustic coffee system or combinations of small fields. Add additional columns for other farm descriptor as needed (e.g. GMO or coffee farm type).,Please describe how you defined locally complex vs locally simple.,"Note other measured variables (e.g. temperature, windspeed, crop flower density etc).","How did you define social bees in your study? In general, we will equate eusocial bees with "" social"", please note here if you did something different.",Any additional things we should know.,"If your study is already published, please list full citation here. Also please provide a copy of the paper in your folder on the NCEAS website.",,,,,,,"Indication of whether Apis mellifera is absent in system; or if present, whether Apis is managed only, feral (naturalized) only, or both managed and feral.", First Name,Last Name,StudyID,Study Citation,"Study Region (state, country)",Ecoregion,Biome,Crop,Crop species,Annual/perennial,Degree of Pollinator Dependence,No. of Replicates,Years sampled,Replicate Description,Site Distance Range (& mean) (m) (sites >350m apart),Replicate (Site) Distances (m) Notes,Farm Descriptor 1,New Farm Descriptor 2,Description of New Farm Descriptor 2,Other variables,Social bees,Remarks,Publication(s),published/unpublished/both,Bee flower visitors modeled,Visits,Abundance,Categorization of sampling method: pan traps vs netting vs observation (or some combination),Richness,Apis Status,"Honey bee: managed, feral" Riccardo ,Bommarco,bomm01,"Bommarco, Marini & Vaissire (in press)","Uppland, Sweden",Temperate broadleaf and mixed forest,Temperate,canola,Brassica napus,annual,Medium (10-40%),10,2005,"A replicate equals a oil seed rape field, where 1 transect was walked on 4 occassions. The estimate is provided as the sum per field site, i.e. across the transects and occassions.",">3850 _ 71,000 (26,700)",farm sites 3.865km - 70.8km (26.7km average),conventional,locally simple,"monocultural fields of spring oil seed rape, 1-40 ha in size. Same variety in all fields",crop flower density and weather,All taxa were social bees. No wild solitary bees were found.,,"Bommarco, R., Marini, L. & Vaissire, B.E. (2012). Insect pollination enhances seed yield, quality and market value in oilseed rape. Oecologia in press DOI: 10.1007/s00442-012-2271-6.",published,8 taxa: Bombus spp.,Pollinator visits were recorded in one 150x4 m transects at each field. Each field was visited on four occasion. All species observed were determined in the field or caught and determined in the lab. that were visiting the clover were collected and determined to species in the lab.,,Observation with net collecting to determine some individuals in the field,Number of species recorded in one 150x4 m transects at each field. Each field was visited on four occasion. All species observed were determined in the field or caught and determined in the lab. that were visiting the clover were collected and determined to species in the lab.,"managed only. Apis predominantly managed, but could occur as feral also.","yes, no" Daniel,Cariveau,cari01,Cariveau (unpublished data),"New Jersey, USA",New Jersey Pine Barrens,Temperate,cranberry,Vaccinium macrocarpon,perennial,High (40-90%),16,2009,A farm site (did not include interior transects). Sampled 16 transects -- 2 sampling dates for each -- they were edge transects that were parallel and near natural habitat,">1000 _ 33,000 (15,700)",all farm sites >1005.645 -32954 m apart (15693.24 m),conventional,locally simple,fields and nearly all surrounding ag is all cranberry,"windspeed, temperature, crop flower density",Lassioglosum and Bombus,Visits social bees only include Bombus. Not confident that field crew was able to id Lassioglossum (which are often social) from some of the other small bees.,unpublished,unpublished,"43 taxa: Andrena spp., Augochlora sp., Augochlorella sp., Augochloropsis spp., Bombus spp., Ceratina sp., Coeloxys spp., Heriades sp., Hoplitis sp., Hyleaus sp., Lasioglossum spp., Megachile spp., Melitta sp., Nomada spp., Osmia spp., Panurginius sp., Sphecodes sp., Xylocopa sp.","AVERAGE number of visits of 60 meter transects with 31 quadrats per transect -- 45 seconds per quadrant--each transect was sampled twice a day (46 minutes per date)-- 2 sample days per bloom -- approximately 1 week apart - transects were 60 meters in length. Provided both 1) average visits per flower per minute, and 2) sum of flowers visited for each group over both rounds of data collection. The effort was the same across transects and round.",Bee abundance detected during netting of bees visiting flowers for 1 hour per day (not including handling time) -- 30 minutes morning and 30minutes the afternoon -- 2 sample days per bloom -- approximately 1 week apart - transects were 60 meters in length. Based on wild bees collected by nets that were touching flower reproductive parts. ,Netting,Number of species detected during netting of bees visiting flowers for 1 hour per day (not including handling time) --30 minutes morning and 30minutes the afternoon-- 2 sample days per bloom -- approximately 1 week apart - transects were 60 meters in length,"Apis are only domesticated (managed), are only present during bloom, dont rely on the local habitat, and their abundance is dependent on farm management. Apis not included in richness/abundance/visits estimates.","yes, no" Luisa,Carvalhiero,carv01,Carvalhiero et al. 2010,"Limpopo, South Africa",Dry savanna,Tropical/Subtropical,mango,Mangifera indica,perennial,High (40-90%),12 for visits/abundance; 9 for fruit set,2008,plots ~1 ha,">1700 _ 13,600 (6500)","Sites 1729 - 13,550 m apart (6478.84)",conventional & organic,locally simple,large monoculture fields bordered by citrus large monocultures or nature reserves,"temperature, windspeed, crop flower density","Used Michener 2000 definition. Considered Apis, Halictidae and Apidae social.","Included all flying flower visitors (bees or no bees) in estimates, only ants were excluded. Provides visits based on specimens visiting crop and ""abundance"" based on specimens visiting all plant species. Use the ""visits"" data (this is the best indicator of pollination service, and assume visitors is proportional to visitation rate, even if the relationship is not linear they will still be proportional). ","Carvalheiro, L.G., C.L. Seymour, R. Veldtman, and S.W. Nicolson. 2010. Pollination services decline with distance from natural habitat even in biodiversity-rich areas. Journal of Applied Ecology 47:810-820.",published,"3 taxa: Ceratina spp., Xylocopa sp.","Mango visitors per transect. Flower visitor surveys carried out during peak of flower (August 2008) on each of 12 farms (totaling 36 surveys). On each farm, flower visitor data were recorded while walking 1 transect (60 x 2 x 2) in randomly selected plot. Observer would stop for 5-s and register all flower visitors, which were collected whenever possible for taxonomic identification. ",,Netting,Sum of total species observed visiting mango flowers during 4-second observation points.,"Apis both feral and managed in system. In the mango sites there are farms with managed honeybees and farms without, so it is easy to classify areas as suitable for managed honeybees in terms of nesting habitat.","yes, yes" Luisa,Carvalhiero,carv02,Carvalhiero et al. 2011,"Limpopo, South Africa",Dry savanna,Tropical/Subtropical,sunflower,Helianthusannuus,annual,Medium (10-40%),30,2009,plots approx 4 x 4m,">350 _ 24,000 (8400 m)",1 site-pair 355m apart; 7-site pairs 450-500m apart; all other sites >500m-24km apart,conventional,locally simple,large monoculture fields (annual rotation with maize & sorghum),"temperature, windspeed, crop flower density, weed diversity on plots","Used Michener 2000 definition. Considered Apis, Halictidae and Apidae social.","The sunflower cultivars are hybrid and used mainly for oil production. Included all flying flower visitors (bees or no bees) in estimates, only ants were excluded. Provides visits based on specimens visiting crop and ""abundance"" based on specimens visiting all plant species. Use the ""visits"" data (this is the best indicator of pollination service, and assume visitors is proportional to visitation rate, even if the relationship is not linear they will still be proportional). ","L.G. Carvalheiro, R. Veldtman, A.G. Shenkute, G.B. Tesfay, C.W. Werner Pirk, J.S. Donaldson, and S.W. Nicolson. 2011. Natural and within-farmland biodiversity enhances crop productivity. Ecology Letters (in press).",published,"4 taxa: Lasioglossum sp., Megachile sp., Tetraloniella sp., Xylocopa sp.","Total number of visits to sunflower per plot (2 surveys per plot) based on three 4min flower visitors of observation points. In each plot, two survey visits (one in the morning, 09h00-13h00, and one in the afternoon, 14h00-17h00) were done during the peak of flowering (i.e. when around 50% of flowers are fully open, March-April 2009). To assess sunflower visitation frequencies, on each survey three observation points were selected within the plot and each point was observed for four minutes (total observation time per plot was 12 min), during which the number of sunflower heads at the peak of flowering and all insects visiting those sunflowers were recorded. Observations (4 min) were also done on any other flower resource present in the plot. If an individual was seen moving among sunflower heads observed it would only be counted once. Please note that our abundance values represent number of specimens in a 4x4m plot. ",,Netting,"Sum of total species observed in three, 4min flower visitors of observation points.","Apis both feral and managed in system. In sunflower sites, location of hives are known, but not know whether they moved around throughout the year based on flower availability.","yes, yes" Natacha (Nachu),Chacoff,chac01,Chacoff & Aizen 2006; Chacoff et al. 2008,"Yungas, Argentina","Subtropical Forest (Yungas forest, subtropical rain forest)",Tropical/Subtropical,grapefruit,"Citrus paradisi: Cultivar Rio Red, Rouge La Toma and Foster seedless",perennial,Little (<10%),12,"2000, 2001, 2002",My replicate consists on distance to the forest. In each farm I have 3 distances to the forest: edge (in my publications is edge-10m). 500m and 1000m to the edge of the forest. In each distance nearly 10 plants were marked and followed across the 3 years.,">430 _ 74,000 (33,200)","4 site pairs 435-500m; (>430 _ 74,000 m (33,200 m average))",conventional,locally simple vs locally complex,"complex = farm sorrounded by other crops (annuals), citrus plantations and by a forest; simple = farm sorrounded by a little plantation of papaya and citrus. ",,"perennial social bees, annual social bees and solitary bees. ",,"Chacoff, N.P. & Aizen, M.A. (2006). Edge effects on flower-visiting insects in grapefruit plantations bordering premontane subtropical forest. Journal of Applied Ecology, 43, 18-27. Chacoff NP, MA Aizen & V Aschero. 2008 Proximity to forest edge does not affect crop production despite pollen limitation. Proceedings of the Royal Society of London. SeriesB 275: 907-913.",published,"14 taxa: Apis mellifera, Augochlorospis spp., Bombus sp., Dialictus sp., Megachilidae sp., Plebeia spp., Psaenythia sp., Tetragonisca sp., Trigona spp.",Frequency of visits/flower - visits of each flower per 5 minute census. We performed 5 minutes census to different plants during all the flowering season.,Abundance determined based on visitation data and is the total number of bees observed on each distance/site/year and is sum of all observed bees.,Observation,Richness based on number of species (or morphospecies) based 5 minutes census to different plants during the entire flowering season.,"Apis mellifera is a perennial bee that is feral at sites. No managed bees at sites. Apis nest on the forest, but might also nest inside the farms (although I did not see any nest on the farms).","no, yes" Saul,Cunningham,cunn002,Blanche et al. 2006,"Queensland, Australia",Tropical Forest,Tropical/Subtropical,longan,Dimocarpus longan,perennial,Medium (10-40%),6,2003,Each replicate is one orchard,">2500 _ 80,000 (43,000)","sites >2500m-75km apart; >2500 _ 80,000 (43,000)",conventional,locally simple,management is similar across sites - conventional broadacre ag in highly simplified landscapes,,"eusocial (i.e., Honeybees and Trigona)","Crop coded longan as ""little"" dependence in the Klein et al review, but my own data suggests at least medium","Blanche, K.R, Ludwig, J.A., Cunningham, S.A. 2006 Proximity to rainforest enhances pollination and fruit set in orchards Australia Journal of Applied Ecology 43: 1182-1187",published,"3 taxa: Apis mellifera, Homalictus dampieri, Trigona carbonaria","Number of visits during 9 ten-minute samples every hour between 8am and 5pm, repeated on four different trees at each orchard (site). For any given site, observations were only done on 1 day (with good weather). All observations conducted in a 10 day period during peak flowering for each crop.",,Observation,"Number of species based on 9 ten-minute samples every hour between 8am and 5pm, repeated on four different trees at each orchard (site). Richness includes Apis mellifera because only feral, and the low abundance species dropped from visit modeling.",Apis only feral in system; Apis hives were absent at sites. Apis included in visits/richness estimates.,"no, yes" Saul,Cunningham,cunn003,Blanche et al. 2006,"Queensland, Australia",Tropical Forest,Tropical/Subtropical,macadamia,Macadamia integrifolia,perennial,Essential (>90%),5,2003,"Each replicate is one orchard, where we examined visitors and fruit set across 4 trees in one year",">10,000 _ 40,000 (24,000)","sites >10,000 _ 40,000 m (23, 761 m average)",conventional,locally simple,management is similar across sites - conventional broadacre ag in highly simplified landscapes,,"eusocial (i.e., only Honeybees)",,"Blanche, K.R, Ludwig, J.A., Cunningham, S.A. 2006 Proximity to rainforest enhances pollination and fruit set in orchards Australia Journal of Applied Ecology 43: 1182-1187",published,1 taxa: Apis mellifera,"Number of feral Apis visits during 9 ten-minute samples every hour between 8am and 5pm, repeated on four different trees at each orchard (site). For any given site, observations were only done on 1 day (with good weather). All observations conducted in a 10 day period during peak flowering for each crop.",,Observation,N/A (only modeling feral Apis),"Only Apis being modeled. Apis is only feral in system; Apis hives were absent at sites (i.e., presumaby no managed Apis).","no, yes" Saul,Cunningham,cunn004,Arthur et al. 2010,"Boorowa New South Wales, Australia",Temperate Forest/Grassland,Temperate,canola,Brassica napus and juncea,annual,Medium (10-40%),19,2006,Each site is a pair of transects within 30 m of eachother. Sites are separated from one another by >500m. The 19 sites are spread among 6 fields. All surveyed in one year during canola flowering.,">375 _ 27,497 (11,100)","1 site pair 377m apart; other sites from 500m->27km apart (>375 _ 27,497 (11,060m))",conventional,locally simple,management is similar across sites - conventional broadacre ag in highly simplified landscapes,inflorescence density,"Social means eusocial, in this case only feral Honeybees",,"Arthur, A.D., Li, J., Henry, S., and Cunningham, S.A. 2010. Influence of woody vegetation on pollinator densities in oilseed Brassica fields in an Australian temperate landscape. Basic and Applied Ecology 11:406-414.",published,"2 taxa: Apis mellifera, native bees","Visitors counted on flowers during walking transects, 22.5m long, 8 mins time. Each site has two transects (which are summed).",,Observation,,All honey bees are feral - no manged hives in area. Visits includes Apis.,"no, yes" Saul,Cunningham,cunn005,"Prache, MacFadyen, & Cunningham (unpublished data)","Bethungra New South Wales, Australia",Temperate Forest/Grassland,Temperate,canola,Brassica napus and juncea,annual,Medium (10-40%),10,2009,Each replicate is canola field,>530 _ 6400 (4100),All sites >500m apart; >530 _ 6400 (4100),conventional,locally simple,management is similar across sites - conventional broadacre ag in highly simplified landscapes,,"There are no native social bees, and honeybees were excluded from analysis because there were manged bees in some sites, and because blue vane trap undersamples them",This trap almost certainly has biases in attractiveness to different species,"Prache, B, MacFadyen, S., & Cunningham, SA (unpublished data)",unpublished,"12 taxa: Amegilla sp., Lasioglossum spp., Leioproctus spp., Lipotriches sp.",,"Abundance of bees caught in blue vane traps. Sites represent one or two traps (if two traps, abundance adjusted accordingly). 5 weeks of trapping, pooled. Traps are at edge of canola fields, or in some cases 50 m into the crop from access point.",Vane-traps,"Number of bees caught in blue vane traps. Sites represent one or two traps (if two traps, abundance adjusted accordingly). 5 weeks of trapping, pooled. Traps are at edge of canola fields, or in some cases 50 m into the crop from access point.","Honeybees both feral and managed; Apis was excluded from analysis because there were manged bees in some sites, and because blue vane trap undersamples them.","yes, yes" Brian,Danforth,danf01,Park & Danforth (unpublished data),"New York, USA",Temperate Forest,Temperate,apple,Malus domestica,perennial,Essential (>90%),"14 (2 sites sampled in 2 years) (10 sites sampled in 2009, 6 sites in 2010 with 2 of these sites same as in 2009)","2009, 2010","A replicate consisted of a single farm site, where multiple trials of timed, aerial netting along rows was conducted, once during the apple bloom.",">2500 _ 110,000 (52,200)",inter-site distances are 2.52km-108.02km (52.19km average),conventional vs organic,locally simple vs locally complex,Locally complex: orchard size less than 50 acres; Locally simple: orchard size larger than 50,none,,,"Park, M., M. Orr and B. Danforth. 2010. The role of native bees in apple pollination. New York Fruit Quarterly, Spring issue. (Non-peer reviewed)",unpublished,"58 taxa: Andrena spp., Augochlora sp., Augochlorella sp., Augochloropsis sp., Bombus spp., Ceratina sp., Colletes sp., Halictus spp., Lasioglossum spp., Nomada spp., Osmia spp., Sphecodes sp., Xylocopa sp.",,"Abundance based on multiple trials of 15-minute aerial netting along rows per farm site, once during the apple bloom. The average estimate of the timed netting trials is provided per site. Number of timed net collections at each site is not equal and varied according to the size of the farm: small farms had few collections, while large farms had the most.",Netting (note unequal sample effort dependent on farm size),"Richness based on multiple trials of 15-minute aerial netting along rows per farm site, once during the apple bloom. The average estimate of the timed netting trials is provided per site. Number of timed net collections at each site is not equal and varied according to the size of the farm: small farms had few collections, while large farms had the most.",both managed and feral,"yes, yes" Hannah,Gaines,gain01,Gaines (unpublished data),"Wisconsin, USA",Temperate,Temperate,cranberry,Vaccinium macrocarpon,perennial,High (40-90%),15,2008,"Each replicate is an individual cranberry marsh separated by at least 3km. Each replicate had two transects that were sampled three times during the season (before, during, and after cranberry bloom).",">3200 _ 56,000 (27,000)",sites are 3.224km - 56.334km apart (average = 26.838km),conventional vs organic,locally simple,monoculture cranberry bogs,"temperature, wind, and sky conditions (before and after traps set), crop flower density was taken 10 times per site per sample round using a standardized quadrat",Includes both perennial and annual social species.,,,unpublished,"106 taxa: Agapostemon spp., Andrena spp., Augochlora sp., Augochlorella sp., Bombus spp., Calliopsis sp., Ceratina spp., Coelioxys sp., Colletes sp., Halictus spp., Hoplitis spp., Hylaeus spp., Lasioglossum spp., Macropis sp., Megachile spp. Melissodes sp., Nomada sp., Osmia spp., Sphecodes spp., Stelis sp.",,"We collected specimens three times at each site (before, during, and after cranberry bloom) using pan traps set in the cranberry bogs. Traps were set for 6 hours between 8:30am and 5:00pm on sunny to bright overcast days. At each site we had two parallel transects of 15 traps each set 50 meters apart from each other. Traps were placed in groups of three (white, yellow, blue) 10 meters apart from the next group. Data from each transect was summed together in this file.",Pan traps,"We collected specimens three times at each site (before, during, and after cranberry bloom) using pan traps set in the cranberry bogs. Traps were set for 6 hours between 8:30am and 5:00pm on sunny to bright overcast days. At each site we had two parallel transects of 15 traps each set 50 meters apart from each other. Traps were placed in groups of three (white, yellow, blue) 10 meters apart from the next group. Data from each transect was summed together in this file.",managed only,"yes, no" Sarah,Greenleaf,gree01,Greenleaf & Kremen 2006 (a),"California, USA",Mediterranean,Mediterranean,tomato,Solanum lycopersicum,annual,Little (<10%),For 2000 & 2001: 18; For 2001: 10 sites (final),"2000, 2001",One replicate refers to samples collected within a farm field on multiple rows up to 80 m long over the course of 3 separate sample dates. 8 fields were sampled in 2000 and 10 fields in year 2001; however 3 of these fields were less than 200 m apart and are thus resamples between years.,"2900 _ 58,000 (27,100)","For 2001 sites: sites are 2.9km - 57.7 km apart (27.1 km average); For all sites: 3 site pairs are less than 500m apart because they are replicates (Blue Heron 2000 & 2001; DavisExpFar 2000 & 2001, and Good Humus 2000 & 2001). All other are >790m - 57.68km (average = 25.92km apart).",organic,locally simple vs locally complex,Locally simple meant a monoculture was planted,"temperature, RH, windspeed, cloudcover, crop flower density",Eusocial = one Bombus species in this system,,"Greenleaf, S., and C. Kremen. 2006. Wild bee species increase tomato production but respond differently to surrounding land use in Northern California. Biological Conservation 133:81-87.",published,"4 taxa: Anthophora urbana, Bombus vosnesenskii, Lasioglossum incompletus, Small striped bee","We walked transects at the rate of 10 m/min, covering each row twice, once in each direction, and recording all bee visits to tomato flowers. In small fields, we walked transects along all rows. In larger fields, we surveyed up to four transects, each 80m long. Each field was sampled between 830 and 1230 h on three different days, in the early, mid-, and late morning, respectively. In fields, we surveyed up to four transects, each 80m long. Each field was sampled between 830 and 1230 h on three different days, in the early, mid-, and late morning, respectively.",,Observation,"We walked transects at the rate of 10 m/min, covering each row twice, once in each direction, and recording all bee visits to tomato flowers. In small fields, we walked transects along all rows. In larger fields, we surveyed up to four transects, each 80m long. Each field was sampled between 830 and 1230 h on three different days, in the early, mid-, and late morning, respectively. In fields, we surveyed up to four transects, each 80m long. Each field was sampled between 830 and 1230 h on three different days, in the early, mid-, and late morning, respectively.",Principally managed; could have feral bees also but probably they do not over-winter; there are huge numbers of managed colonies so it is dominantly managed.,"yes, no" Sarah,Greenleaf,gree02,Greenleaf & Kremen 2006 (b),"California, USA",Mediterranean,Mediterranean,sunflower,Helianthus annuus,annual,Medium (10-40%),"15 farm sites: 10 fields (2001), 6 fields (2002), 2 fields (2003). 2 sites (HOL, PER) were resampled in 2001 & 2002; 1 sites, (PER) re- sampled in 2003","2001, 2002, 2003",1 replicate refers to samples collected within farm field.,"1400 _ 55,000 (20,600)",sites are 1.338km-54.619km apart (20.606 km average),conventional,locally simple,Locally simple meant a monoculture was planted,"Temperature, RH, windspeed, cloudcover, crop flower density, constancy (meaning number of years that sunflower was planted on same field or in a 3 km vicinity)",Includes both perennial and annual social species.,,"Greenleaf, S., and C. Kremen. 2006. Wild bees enhance hone bees' pollination of hybrid sunflower. PNAS. 103(37):13890-13895.",published,"13 taxa: Agapostemon sp., Anthophoridae spp., Bombus spp., Halictus spp., Lasioglossum sp., Megachile spp., Svastra sp., Xylocopa sp.","We walked 20-m transects at the rate of 10 m/min, covering each row twice, once in each direction, and recording all bee visits to sunflowers. 4 transects sampled along femal rows & 4 along male rows in each field, beginning 5m from the edge of the field.",,,"We walked 20-m transects at the rate of 10 m/min, covering each row twice, once in each direction, and recording all bee visits to sunflowers. 4 transects sampled along femal rows & 4 along male rows in each field, beginning 5m from the edge of the field.",Principally managed; could have feral bees also but probably they do not over-winter; there are huge numbers of managed colonies so it is dominantly managed.,"yes, no" Andrea,Holzschuh,holz01,"Holzschuh, Dudenhffer, Tscharntke 2012","Hesse, Germany",Temperate agricultural landscape (naturally: forest),Temperate,sweet cherry,Prunus avium,perennial,High (40-90%),8,2008,"A replicate consisted of a single orchard, where 4 trees and 1 transects were studied on 3 separate occassions within a year. The average estimate is provided per orchard. ",>900_ 7600 (4000),sites are >900m up to 7.6km apart (average = 3.986km).,conventional,locally simple,Monoculture of Sweet Cherry," temperature, windspeed, number of trees in the orchard",Includes both perennial and annual social species.,,"Holzschuh, A., Dudenhffer, J.-H., Tscharntke T. (2012). Landscapes with wild bee habitats enhance pollination, fruit set and yield of sweet cherry. Biological Conservation, 153, 101-107",published,"25 taxa: Andrena spp., Bombus spp., Lasioglossum spp., Nomada sp., Osmia sp. ","Visitation data based on three rounds per season on each site by observing bees on trees, 4 trees per orchard, 15 min per tree and round. All pollinators that were observed were caught by net. Visitation rates are calculated as (1) number of bees per total number of flowers in the tree, and (2) visits per 3x60 min. Tree data from the 4 trees and 3 occassions are averaged. The visits per 3x60 min were used as the visits response variable.","Abundance based on netting of flower visitors on ground transects, 1 transect per orchard, 15 min per transect and round. Transect data from the 3 occassions are summed up.",Netting,"Number of species based on three rounds per season on each site using two collection methods: (1) bees on trees, 4 trees per orchard, 15 min per tree and round; (2) netting of flower visitors on ground transects, 1 transect per orchard, 15 min per transect and round.",managed only,"yes, no" Rufus,Isaacs,isaa01,Isaacs & Kirk 2010,"Michigan, USA",Temperate Forest/Grassland,Temperate,blueberry,"Vaccinium corymbosum, cv. Jersey",perennial,High (40-90%),12,2008,A replicate consisted of a single farm site where five transects were sampled along the field edge on two occasions within the year,">1200 _ 10,200 (36,000)",Sites 1228m-102km apart (36 km average),conventional,locally simple vs locally complex,locally simple = larger monoculture blueberry set in a landscape dominated by blueberry production or other crops; locall compex = small field sizes and diverse land use types around sampled field.,field size of sampled sites (ha),eusocial bees,,"Isaacs, R. & Kirk, A.K. (2010). Pollination services provided to small and large highbush blueberry fields by wild and managed bees. J. Appl. Ecol., 47, 841-849.",published,"4 taxa: Andrena spp., Bombus spp., Halictidae spp., Xylocopa sp.",,Number of bees observed visiting blueberry flowers during 5 x 5 minute samples along field edges.,Observation,The number of spp/groups sampled ,"Apis is managed only in system. Large fields were all stocked with honey bee hives, small fields had 0 or very low density of hives. Apis exclude from abundance/richness estimats.","yes, no" Steve,Javorek,javo1,Javorek (unpublished data),"Prince Edward Island, Canada",Temperate Forest/Grassland,Temperate,blueberry,Vaccinium angustifolium,perennial,Essential (>90%),16,"2005, 2007, 2009","There were 16 study sites that were sampled for 3 years (2005,2007,2009). In each year 2, 1x100m transect were sampled three time timees to correspond to early, middle and late blueberry bloom. 30 min per transect.",">2000 _ 155,700 (66,000)","sites >2000 _ 155,700 (66,000 m average)",conventional,"need to classify local complexity based on SHDI, SHEI",provided Shannon Diversity Index and Shannon Evenness Index of land cover types 5km around farm sites to categorize into complex or simple farm sites.,,"eusocial, includes only Bombus spp. Used Michener 2000 definition of sociality.",,unpublished,unpublished,"18 taxa: Andrena spp., Augochlorella sp., Bombus spp., Colletes sp., Halictus spp., Lasioglossum spp., Osmia spp.",,"Aerial netting of bees visiting blueberry flowers; In each year, 2, 1x100m transect were sampled three time times to correspond to early, middle and late blueberry bloom. 30 min per transect. The value per site is the sum of the early, middle and late bee counts from blueberry. ",Netting,"Aerial netting of bees visiting blueberry flowers; In each year, 2, 1x100m transect were sampled three time timees to correspond to early, middle and late blueberry bloom. 30 min per transect.",Apis is managed in system (based on presence of Apis hives).,"yes, no" Shalene,Jha,jha01,Jha & Vandermeer 2010,"Chiapas, Mexico",Tropical Forest,Tropical/Subtropical,coffee,Coffea arabica,annual ,Medium (10-40%),6,2006,A sample from all sites every 2 weeks for 10 weeks,>925 _ 4030 (2470),sites ranging >926m - 4029m apart (2473 m average),conventional vs organic,locally simple vs locally complex,tree and herb diversity levels,,"eusocial and semisocial, same classification as the BeeTraitsDatabase",,Jha & Vandermeer. 2010. Biological Conservation,published,"44 taxa: Augochlora spp., Augochlorella sp., Augochloropsis spp., Caenaugochlora sp., Ceratina spp., Dialictus spp., Euglossa sp., Halictus spp., Melitoma spp., Mellissodes sp., Plebia sp., Trigona sp., Trigonisca sp., Xylocopa sp. ",,"pan trapping, 50 pans per site, each site sampled for 24 hours 6 times from Feb-April, two weeks apart",Pan traps,"pan trapping, 50 pans per site, each site sampled for 24 hours 6 times from Feb-April, two weeks apart",Apis both feral & managed; does not have information on Apis hives.,"yes, yes" Alexander,Klein,klei01,"Klein et al. 2012; Klein, Brittain, & Kremen (unpublished data)","California, USA",Mediterranean,Mediterranean,almond,Prunus dulcis,perennial,Essential (>90%),23,2008,"A replicate consists of a site; for each site sampling effort was equal and abundance is summed over the three sampling rounds during the season (30 pans per site for one day of sampling, done on three days during the season). For the visit measurements the mean visits per flower have been calculated from the data collected for each site (Eight 20 second observation periods per tree on 10 trees per orchard on 3 days over the season). ",">1460 _ 46,000 (17,600)",inter-site distances are 1.46km-4.58km (17.632 km average),conventional vs organic,locally simple vs locally complex,locally complex means orchard size is <- 4 ha. All were monoculture of almond,"Temperature, wind speed, orchard bloom status and tree bloom estimates, between row vegetation in the orchard.","Bombus, Halictus and Dialictus",,"Klein, A.-M., Brittain, C., Hendrix, S.D., Thorp, R., Williams, N., Kremen, C. (2012). Wild pollination services to California almond rely on semi-natural habitat. Journal of Applied Ecology, 49(3), 723-732.",both,"38 taxa: Agapostemon sp., Andrena spp., Bombus sp., Ceratina spp., Eucera spp., Habropoda sp., Halictus spp.; Hoplitis sp., Lasioglossum spp., Micralictoides sp., Osmia spp., Panurginus sp., Protosmia sp, Stelis sp.","A section of almond branch was observed for 20 seconds; visitor abudance and frequency was recorded as well as the number of flowers being observed. 20 second observations were made on five trees at the orchard edge and 5 trees 50/100 metres inside the orchard. For each tree 4 branches were selected at different locations on the tree: inside high, inside low, outside high, outside low. Observations were taken on these four branches per tree twice during a day. Three days of observations were undertaken at each site during the 2008 season. Provided visits/flower as well as total visits per site.","A cluster of 3 (yellow, white and blue) pan traps was placed at 5 points 0m from the orchard edge and at 5 points 50/100 metres from the orchard edge. The pans were left out for one day and this was done 3 times for 3 sampling rounds during the 2008 season. At each site 30 pans for 1 sampling round, totalling 90 pan traps over the season.",Pan traps,Richness provided based on both pan-trap sampling and visits sampling.,managed only,"yes, no" Claire,Kremen,krem01,Kremen et al. 2002 & 2004,"California, USA",Mediterranean,Mediterranean,watermelon,Citrullus lanatus,annual,Essential (>90%),34 different sites (14 sites in 2001+22 sites in 2000 - but 2 sites were the same site sampled in both years),"2000, 2001",2000: One replicate refers to samples collected within a farm field on 2 to 4 transects of 50 m length over the course of a single day (12 10 minute transect walks). 2001: One replicate refers to samples collected within a farm field on 3 to 4 transects of 50 m length visited on 3 separate days (12 10 minute transect walks). ,">410 _ 69,500 (25,240)","Final: sites are 411.9 - 69523.7 m apart (25243.85 average); 3 sites <500m apart (61m, 226m, & 412 m); But of these sites 2 sites (McAravy = MCA1; PAC = Pacific Star Garden); were the same just sampled in different years (61m & 226m). Other sites 562m-69.5km apart (25.17 km average)",conventional vs organic,locally simple vs locally complex,"Locally simple: large field size with monoculture or at most watermelon and muskmelon grown together. Locally complex: smaller field size with > 5 crops grown together; may have other diversity features such as hedgerows, flower gardens, insectary strips.","Temperature, RH, windspeed, cloudcover, crop flower density","Includes highly eusocial species (Bombus) and primitively eusocial species (Halictus, Lasioglossum).",,"Kremen, C., N. M. Williams, and R. W. Thorp. 2002. Crop pollination from native bees at risk from agricultural intensification. Proceedings of the National Academy of Sciences 99:16812-16816. Kremen, C., N. M. Williams, R. L. Bugg, J. P. Fay, and R. W. Thorp. 2004. The area requirements of an ecosystem service: crop pollination by native bee communities in California. Ecology Letters 7:1109-1119.",published,"17 taxa: Agapostemon sp., Anthophora sp., Bombus spp., Calliopsis sp., Halictus spp., Hylaeus sp., Lasioglossum spp., Melissodes spp., Osmia sp., Peponapis sp., Sphecodes sp., Triepeolus sp.","Visits per unit time were collected by observing all watermelon flowers while walking slowly along a transect of 50 m over a time period of 10 minutes, for one 10 minute period repeated 12 times over the course of the day during peak flight (approximately btw 7 AM and 2 PM) in 2001 and for one 10 minute period repeated 4 times during peak flight (approximately btw 9 AM and 2 PM) on three separate days in 2000. Average visits per 10 min of wild bees over the 12 10min sample periods for both years. Spatially, the 50m transects were located on 2 to 4 transects within a field in 2001 and on 3 to 4 transects in 2000, starting usually 5 to 10 m from the edge of the field.",,Observation,"Number of species based on visits per unit time were collected by observing all watermelon flowers while walking slowly along a transect of 50 m over a time period of 10 minutes, for one 10 minute period repeated 12 times over the course of the day during peak flight (approximately btw 7 AM and 2 PM) in 2001 and for one 10 minute period repeated 4 times during peak flight (approximately btw 9 AM and 2 PM) on three separate days in 2000. Average visits per 10 min of wild bees over the 12 10min sample periods for both years. Spatially, the 50m transects were located on 2 to 4 transects within a field in 2001 and on 3 to 4 transects in 2000, starting usually 5 to 10 m from the edge of the field.",Principally managed; could have feral bees also but probably they do not over-winter; there are huge numbers of managed colonies so it is dominantly managed.,"yes, no" Claire,Kremen,krem02,Kremen (unpublished data),"California, USA",Mediterranean,Mediterranean,almond,Prunus dulcis,perennial,Essential (>90%),16 (15 >500m),2004,A replicate consists of the sum over 10 trees sampled on a single day at a single farm site.,">1150 _ 54,100 (25,400)","All sites: sites are 190.37m - 54,117.19m apart (24,801.88m average); without LOWD1: 1 site pair (LOWD1/LOWD2) are 190m apart; all other sites are >1000m apart (mean = 24.8km). If spatial correlation of LOWD1/D2 are not incorporated in analyses then drop LOWD1 (first sample date).",conventional vs organic,locally simple,"All the farms are monoculture of almond. However, some that are organic or unmanaged may have more understory vegetation.","Temperature, windspeed, cloudcover, crop flower density, crop flower stage, coflowering species richness and abundance (log scale)","Includes highly eusocial species (Bombus) and primitively eusocial species (Halictus, Lasioglossum).","1. Two sites were studied more than once. For Wolfskill, sampling occurred in the same place and the data provided here were averaged across the two sample periods, which occurred on same sample date. For Lowry, sampling occurred at locations approx 200 m apart (also separate dates), and therefore the data for each sample point and date are provided. This should either be accounted for in the analysis, or I can go back and average them. But the sites seemed too far spread out to feel comfortable taking the midpoint. 2. This was a pilot study and the data were not very highly resolved taxonomically. In addition, the method utilized seems to have captured fewer visitors than methods we have since adapted (Klein et al study).","Unpublished pilot study. While the study itself is not published and I have no plans to publish it, it was utilized in Ricketts et al 2008 and there is a brief write up of the study there that we can cite.",unpublished,"8 taxa: Andrena sp., Bombus sp., Dialictus sp., Halictus spp., Lasioglossum sp.","We scanned 10 almond trees per field, counting all floral visitors that we could see within a one-minute walk around the tree. Here, only bees are provided out of all floral visitors. Total sample is approx 10 min per field.",,Observation,,both feral and managed,"yes, no" Yael,Mandelik,mand01,Mandelik (unpublished data) (a),"Judean Foothills, Israel",Mediterranean,Mediterranean,almond,Prunus dulcis,perennial,Essential (>90%),6,2009,"A replicate consist of a single orchard, sampled twice during bloom (Feb-March). The average abundance is given per a single sample.",">1100 _ 23,000 (13,100)","Sites 1101.605m - 22970.47m apart (13,107.28m average). (Across all studies: 3 sites <500m apart (347m, 417m, 448m) but these were different crop types).",conventional,locally simple,all orchards are large and monocultural,"temp, wind velocity, light, sky condition, natural vegetation cover and diversity, ground cover","social bees defined based on BeeTraitsDatabase & Simon Potts database. If species were missing in database - if the whole genus/family had the same sociality then I used it, but otherwise left it open (noting as na).",,,unpublished,"27 taxa: Andrena spp., Ceratina spp., Eucera spp., Halictus sp., Lasioglossum spp., Nomada spp.",,"Abundance data based on sampling twice in each site using 16 pan traps/site, open for 6 hours.",Pan traps,"Richness of bee taxa based on sampling twice in each site using 16 pan traps/site, open for 6 hours.",managed only,"yes, no" Yael,Mandelik,mand02,Mandelik (unpublished data) (b),"Judean Foothills, Israel",Mediterranean,Mediterranean,sunflower,Helianthusannuus,annual,Medium (10-40%),13,2009,"A replicate consist of a 20X20 m plot in the margin of the field, sampled twice during bloom (May)","1200 _ 26,600 (11,050)","Sites 1197.24 - 26635.1 m apart (11053.9 m average). Across all studies: 3 sites <500m apart (347m, 417m, 448m) but these were different crop types.",conventional,locally simple,all fields are large and monocultural,"temp, wind velocity, light, sky condition, natural vegetation cover and diversity, ground cover, crop blooming stage","social bees defined based on BeeTraitsDatabase & Simon Potts database. If species were missing in database - if the whole genus/family had the same sociality then I used it, but otherwise left it open (noting as na).",,,unpublished,"60 taxa: Andrena spp., Ceratina spp., Ceylalictus sp., Colletes sp., Eucera spp., Halictus spp., Hylaeus spp., Lasioglossum spp., Nomada spp., Nomioides sp., Osmia sp., Panurgus sp., Systropha sp.",,"Collected abundance data twice in each site using 12 pan traps/site, open for 7 hours and netting for 10 min/site.","Pan traps, Netting","Richness based on abundance data collected twice in each site using 12 pan traps/site, open for 7 hours and netting for 10 min/site.",managed only,"yes, no" Yael,Mandelik,mand03,Mandelik (unpublished data) (c),"Judean Foothills, Israel",Mediterranean,Mediterranean,watermelon,Citrullus lanatus,annual,Essential (>90%),19,2009,"A replicate consist of a 20X20 m plot in the margin of the field, sampled once/twice during bloom (May-June)",">935 _ 30,100 (14,000)","Sites are 935.663 - 30,135.45m apart (13,978.06 average). All studies: 3 sites <500m apart (347m, 417m, 448m) but these were different crop types.",conventional,locally simple,all fields are large and monocultural,"temp, wind velocity, light, sky condition, natural vegetation cover and diversity, ground cover, crop blooming stage","social bees defined based on BeeTraitsDatabase & Simon Potts database. If species were missing in database - if the whole genus/family had the same sociality then I used it, but otherwise left it open (noting as na).",,,unpublished,"47 taxa: Ceratina spp., Ceylalictus sp., Eucera spp., Halictus spp., Hylaeus spp., Lasioglossum spp., Lithurgus sp., Megachile spp., Nomada spp., Nomiapis spp., Ochreriades sp., Xylocopa sp.",,"Collected abundance data once in 10 sites, and twice in 9 sites. In each sampling round we used 12 pan traps/site, open for ca. 3.5 hours (7:30-11:00) and netted for 10 min/site.","Pan traps, Netting","Number of species based on abundance data collected once in 10 sites, and twice in 9 sites. In each sampling round we used 12 pan traps/site, open for ca. 3.5 hours (7:30-11:00) and netted for 10 min/site.",managed only,"yes, no" Margie,Mayfield,mayf01,Mayfield (unpublished data),"New South Wales, Australia",Subtropical rainforest/Wet sclerophyll forest,Tropical/Subtropical,macadamia,Macadamia integrifolia,perennial,Essential (>90%),12,2008,Each replicate consisted of a single farm site where 3 transects were studied 4 occasions within the one season. The average estimate is provided per site (i.e. averaged across the 3 transects and 4 occasions). ,">430 _ 24,000 (13,300)","All sites: 148.53 - 23,953.94 m apart (12,926.43 m average). 6 site pairs <500m apart (1 pair 149m apart, 1 pair 244m apart, 4 site pairs 434m-499m apart); remaining sites are 500m-24km apart. Brockley 1 and Brockley 2 are < 500 m apart - If only one site is to be used in the analysis Brockley 1 should be removed. Piccadilly Park 3a and Piccadilly Park 3b are < 500 m apart - If only one site is to be used in the analysis Piccadilly Park 3b should be removed. Sapphire Downs 1 and Sapphire Downs 2 are < 500 m apart - If only one site is to be used in the analysis Sapphire Downs 1 should be removed.",conventional (but no pesticides used during observation),locally simple,large monoculture,,Includes Trigona carbonaria,,unpublished,unpublished,1 taxa: Trigona carbonaria,"Visitation data was collected during 2 sampling rounds within the same season using timed observations on flowers, observations were accumulated for each transect then averaged across transects.",,Observation,,both feral and managed,"yes, yes" Lora,Morandin,mora01,Morandin & Winston 2005,"Alberta, Canada",Boreal,Temperate,canola,Brassica rapa and napus,annual,High (40-90%),55 different sites and 2 sites sampled across 2 years (57 total),"2002, 2003","Replicate is location (site): mostly 2 per farm site (except 3 organic sites not big enough for 500m location)- one on the edge 20m into field and one in center, 500m from edge. ",">480 _ 67,700 (24,600)",19 site pairs are <500m; all sites are >484m-67km apart (24.588 km average). 2 sites sampled in 2 years (Remple C & Remple E).,conventional & organic,locally simple vs locally complex,"Locally simple- large fields, monoculture. Locally complex- smaller fields (but still monoculture). I didn't have any locally complex fields in terms of intercropping etc, but some of the organic fields were smaller with odd shapes (meaning more edge), so I've designated those few as 'complex' and the rest as 'simple'.",crop flower density,"Used Michener 2000 definition. Considered Bombus spp., Halictus spp and Lasioglossum dialictus social.",,"Morandin, L. A., and Winston, M. L. 2005. Wild bee abundance and seed production in conventional, organic, and genetically modified canola. Ecological Applications 15, 871-881. Morandin, L. A., and Winston, M. L. 2006. Pollinators provide economic incentive to preserve natural land in agroecosystems. Agriculture Ecosystems & Environment 116, 289-292.",published,"86 taxa: Andrena spp., Anthidium sp., Anthophora spp., Bombus spp., Coelioxys spp., Colletes spp., Diadasia sp., Eucera sp., Halictus spp., Heriades sp., Hoplitis spp., Hylaeus spp., Lasioglossum spp., Megachile spp., Melissodes sp., Nomada spp., Osmia spp., Panurginus sp., Protandrena spp., Sphecodes spp., Stelis sp.",,"Mean abundance at each location. Mean is calculate from total number of bees from each set of three pan traps (yellow, white, blue). 500m (C) location had 2 sets of pans and Edge (E) had 5 sets of pans (2 sets at 20m and 3 sets in the edge of the field) in 2002 done once during bloom. Same setup in 2003 but pan sampled twice during bloom.",Pan traps,Total richness at each location using pan trap sampling (not scaled for effort),No Apis in system. Only collected few honey bees in entire season (8-10 all summer). Only 1 small-scale honey bee keeper in whole region (very isolated agricultural area surrounded by boreal forest) and no wild Apis populations. No hives present near samples sites.,"no, no" Lisa,Neame,neam01,Neame & Elle (unpublished data),"Okanagan-Similkameen Valley, BC, Canada",Sage scrub-Great Basin desert/Ponderosa pine forest in higer elevations,Temperate,squash,"Curcurbita pepo, C. moschata, C. maxima",annual,Essential (>90%),9,2010,replicate consists of a single farm site,">420 _ 26,500 (9,960)","Sites are >422m - 26.45km apart (9.96km average). Only 1 site is <500m apart (CHFB, KMB)",conventional & organic,locally complex,"all farms contain multiple crop types or are immediately surrrounded by a diversity of crops or other land use (fallow fields, pasture) and/or have natural elements on or next ot the farms. ","crop flower density, weedy flower density along field edges","Includes highly eusocial species (e.g., Melapona, Trigona, & Apis) as well as primitively eusocial species (e.g., bumble bees and Halictinae -Dialictus and Halictus).",,Nearne & Elle (unpublished data),unpublished,"24 taxa: Agapostemon spp., Bombus spp., Ceratina spp., Dialictus sp., Halictus spp., Lasioglossum spp., Melissodes spp.","We visited each farm 2 times and conducted 2 visit observation transects each time; transects consisted of 10 two minute observation periods (observed as many flowers we could watch concurrently, usually 2-6) spaced 5 meters apart. Recorded visitor identity and sex of flower visited. EXCEPTION: KBF only 2 transects, CAL only 3 transects.","We conducted 2 netting surveys at each farm, throughout the squash field. Netting surveys consist of catching every bee observed visiting a flower in a 15 minute period. ",Netting,"Number of species based on netting. We conducted 2 netting surveys at each farm, throughout the squash field. Netting surveys consist of catching every bee observed visiting a flower in a 15 minute period. ",managed only,"yes, no" Mark,Otieno,otie01,Otieno et al. (unpublished data),"Kibwezi District, Kenya",Semi-arid savanna,Tropical/Subtropical,Pigeon pea,Cajanus cajan,annual,Little (<10%),12,2009,Pigeonpea fields,">2,100 _ 35,000 (16,300)",sites were 2.122km - 35km apart (average = 16.3km),conventional vs organic,locally simple vs locally complex,Complex fields were sites locally positioned within a landscape context that was closer to semi-natural habitat patches (<200 m). Simple fields were locally positioned within landscape contexts dominated by arable fields and at least 500 m from any semi-natural patch.,None,"Includes highly eusocial, primitively eusocial species, and variable species. Bees with variable sociality are those species that are either solitary or social depending on habitat locality or environmental conditions (Moretti, M., de Bello, F., Roberts, S.P.M. and Potts, S.G. (2009). Taxonomical vs. functional responses of bee communities to fire in two contrasting climatic regions. Journal of Animal Ecology 78: 98108.",,"Manuscript under review at Agriculture, Ecosystems and Environment",unpublished,"48 taxa: Amegilla spp., Anthidium sp., Anthophora sp., Braunsapis sp., Ceratina sp., Coelioxys sp., Dactylurina sp., Euaspis sp., Halictus sp., Heriades sp., Hypotrigona sp., Lasioglossum sp., Lipotriches sp., Lithurge sp., Macrogalea sp., Megachile spp., Meliponula sp., Melissodes sp., Nomia sp., Pachyanthidium sp., Pachymelus sp., Plebeina sp., Pseudapis sp., Pseudoanthidium sp., Pseudophilanthus sp., Systropha sp., Tetralonia sp., Tetraloniella sp., Thyreus sp., Xylocopa spp.",The abundance of bee visits were recorded along 100 m long and 2 m wide transects for 10 minutes twice a day between 09h00 and 16h00. ,,Observation,Richness per site was determined from the total number of species recorded visiting flowers. ,managed only,"yes, no" Simon,Potts,pott01,Carr et al 2009,South East England,Temperate,Temperate,field bean,Vicia faba,annual,Little (<10%),10,2005,Field beans fields,"3,700 _ 39,000 (23,900)",Inter-site distances are 3.683 - 38.959km (23.921 km average),conventional,locally simple vs locally complex,Complex fields were sites locally positioned within a landscape context that was closer to semi-natural habitat patches. Simple fields were locally positioned within landscape contexts dominated by arable fields and further from any semi-natural patch.,"Percentage cloud cover, prevailing weather (windy/breezy/warm/cold) were recorded. Plant and flower densities per transect were estimated.",,,"Carr et al. 2009. Landscape contect and habitat type as drivers of bee diversity in European annual crops. Agriculture, Ecosystems, and Environment 133:40-47.",published,"44 taxa: Andrena spp., Bombus spp., Coelioxys sp., Halictus sp., Lasioglossum spp., Nomada spp., Sphecodes sp.",,"Based on (1) pan traps, and (2) observations along tracts. Method 1: 6 pans were used to sample bees in each site 4 times during the sampling period. Method 2: Pollinator abundance was also recorded along 6, 15-mtransects per site. Each transect was walked for 10 minutes 4 times recording the abundance of bees encountered. This was repeated 4 times during the sampling period. These are observation data for all bees encountered along crop transects whether in flight, nectar raiding, legitimately visiting flowers or on the crop but not visiting flowers and would treat this as bee abundance. Netting was only done to confirm the identity of some bees on transects and not for yielding separate data to estimate abundance.","I think that they combined both methods to provide abundance data including both pan traps and observations. Unlike others, this was not limited to bees visiting flowers, which is the case for all others. ",Richness per site was determined from the total number of species caught on patraps and those observed on transects.,managed only,"yes, no" Taylor,Ricketts,rick01,Ricketts 2004; Ricketts et al. 2004 ,"San Isidro del General, Costa Rica",Tropical Forest,Tropical/Subtropical,coffee,Coffea arabica,perennial,Medium (10-40%),12,2001,"Replicate is a farm site. For each site, we calculated averages across 5 coffee plants (6 marked branches each) for fruit set. We pooled 10-11 timed observations for each site into measures of richness, abundance, visitation. For each, we took averages of 10 stigmas collected to produce measures of pollen deposition.",>490 _ 3100 (1400),"Sites 62.04 - 3270.51 m apart (1334.40 m average). 5 site pairs are <500m apart (62m, 153m, 172m, 257m, & 490m); the remainder are 500m-3km apart.",conventional,locally simple,how much landscape complexity surrounds the site. Coffee is rather continuous around each site,"temp, wind, cloudiness, RH, time, nearby flowers (ground weeds), nearby shade tree flowers",Includes highly eusocial species and primitively eusocial species. All species are perennial social.,,Ricketts 2004 Conservation Biology. Ricketts et al. 2004 PNAS.,published,"11 taxa: Apis sp., Melipona sp., Nannotrigona sp., Partamona sp., Plebeia sp., Plebia sp., Trigona spp., Trigonisca sp.","Observed sets of 200-400 flowers for 10 minutes, 2 replicates per day, each day during each flowering episode. We recorded all bees (and other insects) that visited any of those flowers, and recorded the number of flowers visited. Pooled all samples from each site (10 or 11), and calculated richness (over course of entire season), abundance (total number of visitors over entire season), and visits (expressed as visits per 100 flowers per 20 minutes to standardize sampling). Using ""abundance"" or visits over entire season as response variable.",,Observation,"Observed sets of 200-400 flowers for 10 minutes, 2 replicates per day, each day during each flowering episode. We recorded all bees (and other insects) that visited any of those flowers, and recorded the number of flowers visited. Pooled all samples from each site (10 or 11), and calculated richness, abundance, and visits per flower per minute.",feral only,"no, yes" Maj,Rundlof,rund01,Bommarco et al. (2012); Rundlf & Bommarco (unpublished data),"Skane, Sweden",Temperate broadleaf and mixed forest,Temperate,red clover,Trifolium pratense,perennial,Essential (>90%),"25 different sites sampled in 2 years, 6 sites sampled 2x (both years). 14 sites (2008) + 17 sites (2010)","2008, 2010","A replicate equals a clover seed field, where 4 transects were walked on 2 occassions.",">860 _ 119,000 (54,600)","all sites are >3800m apart (min = 3829m, max = 117,998m, mean = 54,553m)",conventional,locally simple,"monocultural fields of red clover, 4-16 ha in size",crop flower density and weather,"Includes highly eusocial species (e.g., Melapona, Trigona, & Apis) as well as primitively eusocial species (e.g., bumble bees and Halictinae -Dialictus and Halictus).",Riccardo Bommarco is also data holder.,"Bommarco, R., Lundin, O., Smith, H.G. & Rundlf, M. (2012). Drastic historic shifts in bumble-bee community composition in Sweden. Proceedings of the Royal Society B: Biological Sciences, 279, 309-315.",both,15 taxa: Bombus spp.,"Pollinator visitation were recorded in 4 50x1 m transects at each field, that were visited on two occasion. All bumble bee individuals that were visiting the clover were collected and determined to species in the lab. Honeybees, all other wild bees and butterflies, that were visiting the clover, were noted to species group/species in the field. A replicate equals a clover seed field, where 4 transects were walked on 2 occassions. The estimate is provided as the average per field site, i.e. across the transects and occassions. Included insects are all bees (i.e. the pollinators), although no wild solitary bees were found.",,"Observation, with netting only of bumble bees for determination in the lab",Species richness of social + cleptoparasitic bumble bees. Same sampling as in visits description.,managed only,"yes, no" Agustin,Saez,saez01,"Sez, Sabatino, & Aizen 2012","SE Pampas, Argentina",Pampean grassland,Temperate,sunflower,Helianthus annus,annual,Medium (10-40%),21,2009,A replicate consists of 21 sunflower fields,">370 _ 68,100 (22,900)","sites are 374.26 - 68,152.38 apart (22,921.67 m average). Only 1 sitepair is <500m apart (but are phenologically separate), rest are >1.3km apart.",conventional,locally simple,"average area of fields = 35 ha.; All sites had conventional management and are locally simple, the area of the sunflower fields was from 30 to 50 hectare. ",,only Apis mellifera considered social in system; all wild bees are solitary,,"Sez A, Sabatino M, Aizen MA (2012) Interactive Effects of Large- and Small-Scale Sources of Feral Honey-Bees for Sunflower in the Argentine Pampas. PLoS ONE 7(1): e30968. doi:10.1371/journal.pone.0030968",published,"9 taxa: Augochlora sp., Augochloropsis sp., Bombus sp., Dialictus sp., Halictus spp., Megachile sp., Melissoptila sp., Xylocopa sp.","In each field, we observed insects visiting sunflower inflorescences at 1, 5, 25, 50 and 100 m from the uncultivated margin. In each sampling station, we observed 7-15 focal heads during 10 min, counting and identifying all flower visitors and the number of flower heads visited by each insect. Each field was surveyed on two different days over the flowering season, twice in the morning (between 9-12 hours) and twice in the afternoon (between 15-18 hours), sampling only during sunny or slightly cloudy days with low wind velocity. ",,observation,"In each field, we observed insects visiting sunflower inflorescences at 1, 5, 25, 50 and 100 m from the uncultivated margin. In each sampling station, we observed 7-15 focal heads during 10 min, counting and identifying all flower visitors and the number of flower heads visited by each insect. Each field was surveyed on two different days over the flowering season, twice in the morning (between 9-12 hours) and twice in the afternoon (between 15-18 hours), sampling only during sunny or slightly cloudy days with low wind velocity. ",feral & managed,"yes, yes" Ingolf,Steffan-Dewenter,stef01,"Carr et al. 2009; Steffan-Dewenter, Krewenka, Vaissire & Westphal (unpublished data)","Lower Saxony, Germany",Temperate,Temperate,strawberry,Fragaria sp,perennial,Medium (10-40%),10,2005,Strawberry fields ,">3870 _ 49,300 (24,000)","Sites 3870.75 - 49,273.35 m apart (24,014.58 m average)",conventional,locally simple,management was similar and intensive for all sites at the local plot level,crop flower density,Bombus and selected halictids,commercial grades are also available ,"Steffan-Dewenter, Krewenka, Vaissire & Westphal (unpublished data) & Carr et al. 2009",both,"28 taxa: Andrena spp., Bombus spp., Halictus spp., Lasioglossum spp., Nomada spp., Osmia spp., Psithyrus sp., Sphecodes sp.","Visits based on transect walks 150m length, 30min duration 4 m corridor during flowering of strawberries; Mean values of visits are for each site over the four rounds that were conducted during May 2005.",,Observation,"Number of Species based on transect walks 150m length, 30min duration 4 m corridor during flowering of strawberries; Mean values of visits are for each site over the four rounds that were conducted during May 2005.",Apis was managed only; no managed hives were close to farm sites.,"yes, no" Hisatomo,Taki,taki01,Taki et al. 2010,"Ibaraki, Japan",Temperate Forest,Temperate,common buckwheat,Fagopyrum esculentum,annual,Essential (>90%),17 (15 sites sampled in 2007; same 15 sites sampled in 2008 with addition of 2 new sites),"2007, 2008","In my study, a replicate consisted of a single point within a single farm site, where flower visitors were for 45 minutes for each site (15 minutes x 3 times for site) within a year.",450 _ 9500 (3500),sites are 447m - 9471m apart (3480m average).,conventional (but no pesticides used),locally complex,relatively small fields with hedgerow/flower strips or other diverse elements. ,,Only Apis cerana was perennial social.,,"Taki H, Okabe K, Makino S, Yamaura Y, Sueyoshi M, 2009. Contribution of small insects to pollination of common buckwheat, a distylous crop. Annals of Applied Biology 155, 121-129. Taki H, Okabe K, Yamaura Y, Matsuura T, Sueyoshi M, Makino S, Maeto K, 2010. Effects of landscape metrics on Apis and non-Apis pollinators and seed set in common buckwheat. Basic and Applied Ecology 11, 594603.",published,"17 taxa: Apis cerana, Chalicodoma sp., Coelioxys sp., Colletes spp., Epeolus sp., Halictus sp., Hylaeus spp., Lasioglossum spp., Lipotriches sp., Megachile spp., Sphecodes sp., Xylocopa sp.",,Visitation based on netting on flowers 45 minutes for site (15 minutes x 3 times for site).,Netting,Number of species based on netting on flowers 45 minutes for site (15 minutes x 3 times for site).,managed only,"yes, no" Julianna,Tuell,tuel01,Tuell et al. 2009,"Michigan, USA",Temperate Forest/Grassland,Temperate,blueberry,Vaccinium corymbosum,perennial,High (40-90%),15,"2004, 2005, 2006",Each replicate is the average of the 10 bushes at a single farm,">2800 _ 80,400 (31,600)","Sites are 2813.99 - 80,404.25 m apart (31,580.27 m average)",conventional & semi-abandoned,locally simple vs locally complex,"Locally simple = under bush weed management with herbicide, tilling once or twice between rows during a season, mowing between rows and around the field perimeter at other times, and the use of pesticides to control insect pests and diseases. Locally complex = mowing between rows a couple times in a season, little to no weed suppression under bushes, and little to no pesticides used",,social includes all levels of sociality from subsocial to eusocial,Honey bees are most likely from managed hives in this system and are being kept separate from the other bees.,"J.K. Tuell, J.A. Ascher, and R. Isaacs. 2009. Wild bees of the Michigan highbush blueberry agroecosystem. Ann. Entomol. Soc. Am. 102(2): 275-287. Tuell dissertation",published,"101 taxa: Agapostemon spp., Andrena spp., Augochlora sp., Augochlorella sp., Augochloropsis sp., Bombus spp., Ceratina spp., Colletes spp., Halictus spp., Hoplitis spp., Hylaeus spp., Lasioglossum spp., Megachile spp., Nomada spp., Osmia spp., Sphecodes spp., Xylocopa sp.",,"5 white and 5 yellow pan traps elevated on poles in the canopy, arranged in pairs along a transect, spaced 5 m apart. Deployed 2 or 3 times per season (May, during blueberry bloom) depending on the year (weather that year), for a minimum of 6 hours.",Pan traps,"5 white and 5 yellow pan traps elevated on poles in the canopy, arranged in pairs along a transect, spaced 5 m apart. Deployed 2 or 3 times per season (May, during blueberry bloom) depending on the year (weather that year), for a minimum of 6 hours.","Honey bees are most likely from managed hives in this system and are being kept separate from the other bees (i.e., not included in abundance/richness estimates). ","yes, no" Blande,Viana,vian01,Viana & Silva (unpublished data),"Bahia, Brazil","Dry Savannah (caatinga, xeric shrubland and thorn forest)",Tropical/Subtropical,passion flower,Passiflora edulis Sims f. flavicarpa ,annual,Essential (>90%),16,2005,"16 sites located 1 km apart from each other. In my study, a replicate consisted of a single farm site. The sites were randomly selected using the geographical coordinates and using as criterion the minimum distance of 1 km between the sites ",>1000 _ 9600 (4400),Sites are 1016.88 - 9581.55 m apart (4375.00 m average),conventional,locally simple,,richness of flower resources,Apis mellifera & Trigona spinipes,,Viana & Silva in preparation,unpublished,"4 taxa: Apis mellifera, Trigona spinipes, Xylocopa (Megaxylocopa) frontalis, Xylocopa (Neoxylocopa) grisescens ","In each single site, total bees counted in a transect of 50m, with mean of 90 flowers observed for 15 minutes during three times on three different days. Provided both mean visits per flower and total visits per transect.",,Observation,Number of species based on certain number of flowers for observation of their visitors for 15 minutes during three times on three different days.,Apis are feral only; no managed Apis in system.,"no, yes" Rae,Winfree,winf01,Winfree et al 2007,"New Jersey & Pennsylvania, USA",Temperate Forest/Grassland,Temperate,watermelon,Citrullus lanatus,annual,Essential (>90%),23,2005,"A replicate consisted of a single farm site, where 1 50-m transect was studied on 2 separate occassions within a year. The average estimate is provided per site (i.e., averaged across 2 occasions). ",">875 _ 89,500 (36,800)","Sites are 876.54 - 89,514.36 m apart (36,821.83 m average); but some of the same sites are studied between the different crop studies.",conventional vs organic,locally complex,"All have field sizes <5 ha, and all have natural habitat within 400 m of the sampling transect. This probably makes all our farms locally complex, relative to most other studies. ","temperature, wind speed, crop flower density, weedy flower density within the farm field","Includes highly eusocial species (e.g., Melapona, Trigona, & Apis) as well as primitively eusocial species (e.g., bumble bees and Halictinae -Dialictus and Halictus).",,"Winfree et al 2007, Ecology Letters 10:1105 ; Winfree et al 2008, J App Ecol 45:793; Lonsdorf et al. 2009 Ann Bot 103: 1589",published,"46 taxa: Agapostemon spp., Augochlora sp., Augochlorella sp., Augochloropsis sp., Bombus spp., Calliopsis sp., Ceratina spp., Halictus spp., Hylaeus spp., Lasioglossum spp., Megachile spp., Melissodes sp., Peponapis sp., Ptilothrix sp., Triepeolus sp., Xylocopa sp.","We collected visitation data 2 times, once at each visit to the farm, by observing bee visits to a set number of flowers during timed counts, for a total of 90 minutes per farm visit. Bee visitaton rate is in units of bee visits / 50 m transect / 30 minutes observer time, averaged across all data collection events at the farm.","We collected abundance data 2 times, once at each visit to the farm, by netting on flowers for 30 minutes per farm visit.", Netting,"Number of species based on netting. We collected abundance data 2 times, once at each visit to the farm, by netting on flowers for 30 minutes per farm visit. We collected visitation data 2 times, once at each visit to the farm, by observing bee visits to a set number of flowers during timed counts, for a total of 90 minutes per farm visit. ",managed only,"yes, no" Rae,Winfree,winf02, Winfree et al 2008,"New Jersey & Pennsylvania, USA",Temperate Forest/Grassland,Temperate,tomato,Solanum lycopersicum,annual,Little (<10%),13,2005,"A replicate consisted of a single farm site, where 1 50-m transect was studied on 1 occasions within a year. ",">1500 _ 89,100 (39,000)","Sites are 1523.08 - 89,145.06 m apart (39,016.657 m average); but some of the same sites are studied between the different crop studies.",conventional vs organic,locally complex,"All have field sizes <5 ha, and all have natural habitat within 400 m of the sampling transect. This probably makes all our farms locally complex, relative to most other studies. ","temperature, wind speed, crop flower density, weedy flower density within the farm field","Includes highly eusocial species (e.g., Melapona, Trigona, & Apis) as well as primitively eusocial species (e.g., bumble bees and Halictinae -Dialictus and Halictus).",,"Winfree et al 2008, J App Ecol 45:793",published,"16 taxa: Andrena sp., Augochlora sp., Augochlorella sp., Augochloropsis sp., Bombus spp., Halictus sp., Lasioglossum spp.","We collected visitation data 1 time by observing bee visits to a set number of flowers during timed counts, for a total of 60 minutes. Bee visitaton rate is in units of bee visits / 50 m transect / 30 minutes observer time, averaged across all data collection events at the farm.",We collected abundance data 1 time by netting on flowers for 30 minutes., Netting,"Number of species based on netting. We collected abundance data 1 time by netting on flowers for 30 minutes. We collected visitation data 1 time by observing bee visits to a set number of flowers during timed counts, for a total of 60 minutes.",managed only,"yes, no" Rae,Winfree,winf03, Winfree et al 2008,"New Jersey & Pennsylvania, USA",Temperate Forest/Grassland,Temperate,pepper,Capsicum annuum,annual,Little (<10%),22,2004,"A replicate consisted of a single farm site, where one 100-m transect was studied on 1 occasion within a year. ",">1100 _ 72,200 (34,700)","Sites are 1115.24 - 72,195.71 m apart (34,656.84 m average); but some of the same sites are studied between the different crop studies.",conventional vs organic,locally complex,"All have field sizes <5 ha, and all have natural habitat within 400 m of the sampling transect. This probably makes all our farms locally complex, relative to most other studies. ","temperature, wind speed, crop flower density, weedy flower density within the farm field","Includes highly eusocial species (e.g., Melapona, Trigona, & Apis) as well as primitively eusocial species (e.g., bumble bees and Halictinae -Dialictus and Halictus).",,"Winfree et al 2008, J App Ecol 45:793",published,"15 taxa: Augochlora sp., Augochlorella sp., Bombus spp., Halictus sp., Lasioglossum spp.","We collected visitation data 1 time by observing bee visits to a set number of flowers during timed counts, for a total of 30 minutes. Bee visitaton rate is in units of bee visits / 50 m transect / 30 minutes observer time, averaged across all data collection events at the farm.",We collected abundance data 1 time by netting on flowers for 20 minutes., Netting,"Number of species based on netting. We collected abundance data 1 time by netting on flowers for 20 minutes. We collected visitation data 1 time by observing bee visits to a set number of flowers during timed counts, for a total of 30 minutes.",managed only,"yes, no" Rae,Winfree,winf04, Winfree et al 2008,"New Jersey & Pennsylvania, USA",Temperate Forest/Grassland,Temperate,cantaloupe (muskmelon),Cucumis melo,annual,Essential (>90%),14,2004,"A replicate consisted of a single farm site, where one 100-m transect was studied on 1 occasion within a year. ",">2200 _ 72,300 (35,000)","Sites are 2217.08 - 72,310.03 m apart (35,027.90 m average); but some of the same sites are studied between the different crop studies.",conventional vs organic,locally complex,"All have field sizes <5 ha, and all have natural habitat within 400 m of the sampling transect. This probably makes all our farms locally complex, relative to most other studies. ","temperature, wind speed, crop flower density, weedy flower density within the farm field","Includes highly eusocial species (e.g., Melapona, Trigona, & Apis) as well as primitively eusocial species (e.g., bumble bees and Halictinae -Dialictus and Halictus).",,"Winfree et al 2008, J App Ecol 45:793",published,"18 taxa: Agapostemon sp., Andrena sp., Augochlora sp., Augochlorella sp., Bombus spp., Ceratina sp., Halictus spp., Lasioglossum sp., Megachile sp., Melissodes sp., Peponapis sp., Triepeolus sp., Xylocopa sp.","We collected visitation data 1 time by observing bee visits to a set number of flowers during timed counts, for a total of 30 minutes. Bee visitaton rate is in units of bee visits / 50 m transect / 30 minutes observer time, averaged across all data collection events at the farm.",We collected abundance data 1 time by netting on flowers for 20 minutes., Netting,"Number of species based on netting. We collected abundance data 1 time by netting on flowers for 20 minutes. We collected visitation data 1 time by observing bee visits to a set number of flowers during timed counts, for a total of 30 minutes.",managed only,"yes, no" ,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,, ,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,, ,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,, ,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,, ,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,, ,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,, ,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,, ,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,, ,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,, ,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,, ,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,, ,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,, ,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,, ,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,, ,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,, ,,,,,,,2001,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,, ,,,,,,,2003,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,, ,,,,,,,2003,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,, ,,,,,,,2004,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,, ,,,,,,,2004,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,, ,,,,,,,2004,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,, ,,,,,,,2005,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,, ,,,,,,,2005,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,, ,,,,,,,2005,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,, ,,,,,,,2005,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,, ,,,,,,,2005,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,, ,,,,,,,2005,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,, ,,,,,,,2006,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,, ,,,,,,,2006,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,, ,,,,,,,2008,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,, ,,,,,,,2008,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,, ,,,,,,,2008,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,, ,,,,,,,2008,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,, ,,,,,,,2008,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,, ,,,,,,,2008,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,, ,,,,,,,2009,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,, ,,,,,,,2009,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,, ,,,,,,,2009,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,, ,,,,,,,2009,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,, ,,,,,,,2009,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,, ,,,,,,,2009,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,, ,,,,,,,2009,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,, ,,,,,,,2009,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,, ,,,,,,,2010,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,, ,,,,,,,"2000, 2001",,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,, ,,,,,,,"2000, 2001",,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,, ,,,,,,,"2000, 2001, 2002",,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,, ,,,,,,,"2001, 2002, 2003",,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,, ,,,,,,,"2002, 2003",,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,, ,,,,,,,"2004, 2005, 2006",,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,, ,,,,,,,"2005, 2007, 2009",,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,, ,,,,,,,"2007, 2008",,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,, ,,,,,,,"2008, 2010",,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,, ,,,,,,,"2009, 2010",,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,