National Center for Ecological Analysis and Synthesis02-15-2008Inorganic Pollution (transformed)raster digital dataScience\\ebm\homes\data\marine_threats\data\completed\impacts\transformed\inorganic\grid\inorganicScience02-15-2008A Global Map of human impact on marine ecosystemsinorganicWe evaluated the impact of land-based anthropogenic drivers of change on ocean ecosystems with a 4 step process. First, watershed boundaries were developed with an automated flow-accumulation process (S2) on the basis of 30 arc-second (nominally 1km2) SRTM30 Digital Elevation Model (DEM) data (http://glcf.umiacs.umd.edu/data/srtm/) and manually validated against the 391 Global Terrestrial Network for River Discharge (GTN-R) large watersheds (http://gtn-r.bafg.de), VMAP0 stream and river data (S3), global coastline data (S4), SRTM 3 arc-second DEM data, Landsat imagery, and satellite imagery viewed in Google Earth. These new watersheds represent a significant improvement over the Hydro 1K (http://edc.usgs.gov/products/elevation/gtopo30/hydro/) boundaries and focus on high accuracy for the boundaries of watersheds that reach the ocean and the coastal pour-points for watersheds. Second, data for land-based drivers (nutrient input, non-point source organic and inorganic pollution, and direct impact of humans) were spatially distributed onto the landscape with ancillary data. Nutrient and non-point source organic pollution data came from Food and Agriculture Organization (FAO) national statistics (http://faostat.fao.org) on average annual use of fertilizers (nutrients) and pesticides (organic pollutants) for the years 1993-2002 and 1992-2001, respectively, and were distributed across landscapes in agricultural lands with dasymetric techniques (S5). These techniques use ancillary data to distribute values and were developed for mapping human population densities; here the ancillary data were land-use categories from the 2 U.S. Geologic Survey (http://edcsns17.cr.usgs.gov/glcc/) which identify native, cultivated, and urbanized land uses at 1 km2 resolution. Non-point source inorganic pollution was modeled with global 1 km2 impervious surface area data (http://www.ngdc.noaa.gov/dmsp/) under the assumption that most of this pollution comes from urban runoff. These data will not capture point-sources of pollution or non-point sources where paved roads do not exist (e.g., select places in developing countries). Third, values for these three anthropogenic drivers were then aggregated to the watershed and distributed to the pour point (i.e., stream and river mouths) for the watershed with raster statistics (i.e., aggregation by watershed). Finally, spread of the driver values into coastal waters at each pour point was modeled with a cost-path surface (S6) on the basis of a decay function that assigns a fixed amount of the driver (in our case, 0.5% of the value in the previous cell) in the initial cell and then evenly distributes the remaining amount of driver in all adjacent and 'unvisited' cells, repeated until a minimum threshold (0.05% of global maximum) is reached. This approach to modeling river plumes is diffusive and so allows drivers to wrap around headlands and islands, but does not account for nearshore advection that acts to push drivers in particular directions. Because nearshore circulation patterns are known for only a few small regions of the world, we conservatively used this diffusive model. Our fourth land-based anthropogenic driver was the direct impact of humans, such as coastal engineering, intertidal trampling and noise pollution from land, which likely scale with population size. This driver was modeled as the sum of the coastal population, defined as the number of people within a moving circular window around an arbitrary focal coastal cell of radius 25 km on the basis of the 2005 LandScan 30 arc-second population data (http://www.ornl.gov/sci/landscan/). This value was then assigned to the adjacent ocean cell since this driver primarily affects intertidal and very nearshore ecosytems.
What happens in the vast stretches of the world's oceans - both wondrous and worrisome - has too often been out of sight, out of mind.
The sea represents the last major scientific frontier on planet earth - a place where expeditions continue to discover not only new species, but even new phyla. The role of these species in the ecosystem, where they sit in the tree of life, and how they respond to environmental changes really do constitute mysteries of the deep. Despite technological advances that now allow people to access, exploit or affect nearly all parts of the ocean, we still understand very little of the ocean's biodiversity and how it is changing under our influence.
The goal of the research presented here is to estimate and visualize, for the first time, the global impact humans are having on the ocean's ecosystems.
Our analysis, published in Science February 15, 2008, shows that over 40% of the world's oceans are heavily affected by human activities and few if any areas remain untouched.
Please see supplimental online materials for more information.en02-15-2008publication dateAs neededREQUIRED: Western-most coordinate of the limit of coverage expressed in longitude.REQUIRED: Eastern-most coordinate of the limit of coverage expressed in longitude.REQUIRED: Northern-most coordinate of the limit of coverage expressed in latitude.REQUIRED: Southern-most coordinate of the limit of coverage expressed in latitude.-18040095.19613218040134.245271-9020047.3480709020067.372632REQUIRED: Reference to a formally registered thesaurus or a similar authoritative source of theme keywords.impactmarineglobalmodelingglobaloceanmarinecurrent20072008Data available from NCEAS is distributable (please cite correctly).
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Ben HalpernNational Center for Ecological Analysys and SynthesisAssistant Research Scientistsmailing and physical address
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Santa BarbaraCalifornia93101USA(805)-892-2531(805)-892-2510halpern@nceas.ucsb.eduNational Center for Ecologial Analysis and SynthesisMicrosoft Windows 2000 Version 5.2 (Build 3790) Service Pack 2; ESRI ArcCatalog 9.2.0.1324Raster DatasetRasterGrid Cell19305386101934.478877934.47887732Upper LeftFALSEDefault1matrix valuesTRUErow and column934.478877934.478877National Center for Ecoogical Analysys and Synthesishttp://www.nceas.ucsb.edu/GlobalMarineDownloadable Data-1241.859-1241.85920080213National Center for Ecological Analysis and SynthesisColin EbertGIS AnalystREQUIRED: The mailing and/or physical address for the organization or individual.REQUIRED: The city of the address.REQUIRED: The state or province of the address.REQUIRED: The ZIP or other postal code of the address.805-892-2500ebert@nceas.ucsb.eduhttp://www.nceas.ucsb.edu/GlobalMarine/FGDC Content Standards for Digital Geospatial MetadataFGDC-STD-001-1998local timehttp://www.esri.com/metadata/esriprof80.htmlESRI Metadata Profileenhttp://www.esri.com/metadata/esriprof80.htmlESRI Metadata Profile{5DFFB21D-BC1E-4FC7-B2C6-83102AA779E3}2008021310095100FALSE20080213150625002008021315062500Metadata imported.C:\DOCUME~1\Ebert\LOCALS~1\Temp\xml62.tmp20080213Microsoft Windows 2000 Version 5.2 (Build 3790) Service Pack 2; ESRI ArcCatalog 9.2.0.1324inorganic-18040095.19613218040134.2452719020067.372632-9020047.348071ISO 19115 Geographic Information - MetadataDIS_ESRI1.0datasetfile://\\ebm\homes\data\marine_threats\data\completed\impacts\transformed\inorganic\grid\inorganicLocal Area Network002-1241.859Raster Dataset2138610934.4789unknown19305934.4789unknown20080213