National Center for Ecological Analysis and Synthesis02-15-2008Kelpraster digital dataScience\\ebm\homes\data\marine_threats\data\completed\ecosystems\kelp\grid\kelpScience02-15-2008A Global Map of human impact on marine ecosystemskelpSeveral coastal and intertidal ecosystems currently have no global data on their spatial distribution but are important for understanding the cumulative impact humans are having on the oceans. We included these ecosystems in our cumulative impact model by assuming that rocky intertidal, beach, intertidal mud, suspension-feeding reefs, and salt marsh ecosystems existed in all cells within 1km of shore, and that kelp forest ecosystems exist within all areas <60m deep within their possible range limits (S31). We could not include similar range constraints for salt marshes and suspension-feeding reefs because no published records exist for their global ranges. Consequently, cumulative impact scores for the coastal cells immediately adjacent to the land will likely be overestimated in many cases; we repeated analyses with these ecosystems removed (see below) to test the sensitivity of our results to their inclusion.
What happens in the vast stretches of the world's oceans - both wondrous and worrisome - has too often been out of sight, out of mind.
The sea represents the last major scientific frontier on planet earth - a place where expeditions continue to discover not only new species, but even new phyla. The role of these species in the ecosystem, where they sit in the tree of life, and how they respond to environmental changes really do constitute mysteries of the deep. Despite technological advances that now allow people to access, exploit or affect nearly all parts of the ocean, we still understand very little of the ocean's biodiversity and how it is changing under our influence.
The goal of the research presented here is to estimate and visualize, for the first time, the global impact humans are having on the ocean's ecosystems.
Our analysis, published in Science February 15, 2008, shows that over 40% of the world's oceans are heavily affected by human activities and few if any areas remain untouched.
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